00 What this study set out to learn
Active, certified divers were asked to sort 53 PADI content cards into groups of their own making and name each group. The question behind it: how do experienced divers expect this content to be organised?
People organise around goals, not product lines
The sorts organise PADI's content around the diver's goals and journey rather than PADI's internal product or business taxonomy. The recurring shape: where to dive next → advance skills & go pro → give back to the ocean → the membership & cards that come with it. Skills and the professional pathway read as two adjacent stages — closely related, but each tighter on its own than as a single block.This was a single pooled study of 12 valid participants. Because every structural measure here reads only which cards were grouped together (never the labels people wrote), it is unaffected by the mix of English and Spanish labels; Spanish labels are translated only in the category-mapping view. With 12 participants the findings are best read as directional — a strong, internally consistent signal (cophenetic r = 0.84) to be confirmed once the full programme of studies is complete.
01 At a glance
The headline numbers for the study and the structure that emerged from it.
| Measure | Active Divers study |
|---|---|
| Participants recruited | 13 |
| Valid sorts analysed | 12 |
| Excluded (rate) | 1 (8%) |
| Language mix | 8 EN / 4 ES |
| Mean groups / participant | 5 (range 3–7) |
| Standardised categories | 8 |
| Cards sorted | 53 |
| Emergent clusters | 7 |
| Cophenetic r | 0.84 |
A reliable, internally consistent structure
Seven clusters emerged from the sort, with participants creating a median of five groups each. The cophenetic r of 0.84 — comfortably above the ~0.75 reliability threshold — confirms the cluster tree faithfully represents the underlying agreements. With 12 valid sorts the percentages are directional, but the shape of the structure is clear.02Who sorted the cards
A profile of the 12 valid participants, drawn from the pre-sort survey and the invitation list. These are experienced divers — every one already certified and actively diving — which is what shapes the mental models seen throughout this report.
Sex
Sex was not asked in the survey; inferred from participant first names (9 male / 3 female).
Country / region
From the invitation list, matched by email to each submitter; Spanish-sheet country names (España, Estados Unidos) normalised to English. n = 12.
Diving habits
Why they keep diving (multi-select)
Counts exceed 12 because participants could select more than one motivation.
Primary device for diving info
Language of the sort
Spanish labels are translated to English; the analysis is pooled across both, as neither subset alone meets the reliability threshold.
An experienced, exploration-driven audience
The group skews toward divers who travel to dive and dive for exploration and recreation — which aligns with Travel & Where to Dive emerging as the single most cohesive group in the sort.03 Category mapping
An open card sort lets people name their own groups, so the raw labels vary wildly. Every label was standardised into a consistent set of themes — 13 in English, 15 in Spanish. This is the one step that depends on wording, so it is published in full: each theme lists the exact labels participants typed and how many used each. Switch between studies.
04 How the numbers are built
An open card sort: each participant sorted the same 53 cards into as many groups as they liked and named each group. Everything below is computed from those raw groupings.
The pipeline, end to end
- Co-occurrence (similarity) matrix — for all 1,378 card pairs, the share of participants who placed both cards in the same group. This reads only which cards were grouped, so it is language-independent.
- Hierarchical clustering — average-linkage agglomerative clustering on a distance of (1 − co-occurrence). Average linkage suits card-sort distances (which are not Euclidean). The tree was cut into 7 clusters, breaking the certifications/skills group apart from the Divemaster→Instructor professional pathway — two branches that are tighter on their own (65% cohesion each) than as the single 57% continuum they form together.
- Cophenetic correlation — how faithfully the tree preserves the original pairwise distances: 0.84 for this study.
- Cohesion — a cluster's mean within-cluster co-occurrence; how tightly its cards travel together.
- Dominant placement — the only label-dependent measure: each participant's group names were standardised into 8 themes, and a card's "placed %" is the share of participants who filed it under its single most-common theme.
Note: Spanish group labels were translated to English for this mapping; the clustering and similarity views read only which cards were grouped together and are unaffected by label language.
See it both ways
The two views the pipeline produces — the co-occurrence matrix and the clustering tree — shown for each study. Colours mark the seven clusters used throughout this report.
05 The seven emergent clusters
Seven clusters emerged from how the 12 participants grouped the cards. The bar shows each cluster’s cohesion — how tightly its cards travelled together (mean within-cluster co-occurrence). Travel is the tightest group; the certifications/skills cluster and the Divemaster→Instructor professional pathway — once read as one 18-card continuum — are shown here as two distinct groups, each tighter apart (65%) than together (57%).
Travel & Where to Dive Most cohesive
Where to dive next — sites, shops, resorts, liveaboards, regions and trip inspiration. The tightest, most agreed group.
Learn & Courses
Advancing as a diver — core skills and specialties: Deep, Wreck, Nitrox, Photography, Rescue, buoyancy and emergency response.
Professional Pathway
Going pro — Master Scuba Diver through the full Divemaster→Instructor route, internships, career options and becoming a PADI Professional.
Conservation
Giving back to the ocean — conservation activities and courses, marine debris, shark & ray protection, and the cause collections.
About & Brand
Who PADI is — the PADI difference, our history, corporate responsibility and the dive guides.
Certification Card
The membership layer — club benefits, the community forum, the Adventures app, and the full set of physical/eCards and certification cards.
Experiences
Tangential ways to be in the water — freediving, the mermaid program, and the abstract “gain confidence” card. The lowest-agreement group.
Cluster by cluster
Each cluster in full — every card with its dominant-placement % and strongest grouping partner, beside the cluster’s cohesion. Cards are ordered by how confidently participants placed them.
Travel & Where to Dive
Most cohesiveCohesion 73%| Card | Placed | Top theme | Strongest partner (co-occurrence) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dive Resorts | 33% | About & Brand | Explore Guides by Region 92% |
| Dive Shop Locator | 33% | About & Brand | Dive Resorts 83% |
| Dive Sites Nearby | 33% | Travel & Where to Dive | Dive Resorts 92% |
| Explore Guides by Region | 33% | About & Brand | Dive Resorts 92% |
| Liveaboards | 33% | Travel & Where to Dive | Travel Inspiration 92% |
| Travel Inspiration | 33% | Travel & Where to Dive | Liveaboards 92% |
| Local Dive Events | 25% | About & Brand | Dive Sites Nearby 83% |
| Unique diving experiences | 25% | Learn & Courses | Local Dive Events 75% |
Learn & Courses
Cohesion 65%| Card | Placed | Top theme | Strongest partner (co-occurrence) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Advanced Open Water Diver | 75% | Learn & Courses | Enriched Air (Nitrox) 67% |
| Enriched Air (Nitrox) | 75% | Learn & Courses | Wreck Diver 83% |
| Rescue Diver | 75% | Learn & Courses | Peak Performance Buoyancy 83% |
| Deep Diver | 67% | Learn & Courses | Rescue Diver 83% |
| Wreck Diver | 58% | Learn & Courses | Enriched Air (Nitrox) 83% |
| Advance your diving skills | 58% | Learn & Courses | Peak Performance Buoyancy 75% |
| Emergency First Response | 58% | Learn & Courses | Peak Performance Buoyancy 100% |
| Peak Performance Buoyancy | 58% | Learn & Courses | Emergency First Response 100% |
| Underwater Photography | 50% | Learn & Courses | Peak Performance Buoyancy 75% |
Professional Pathway
Cohesion 65%| Card | Placed | Top theme | Strongest partner (co-occurrence) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Master Scuba Diver | 58% | Learn & Courses | Divemaster Responsibilities & Leadership 83% |
| Reach your next certification level | 58% | Learn & Courses | Divemaster Responsibilities & Leadership 75% |
| Divemaster Prerequisites & Requirements | 50% | Learn & Courses | Divemaster Responsibilities & Leadership 100% |
| Divemaster Responsibilities & Leadership | 50% | Learn & Courses | Divemaster Prerequisites & Requirements 100% |
| From Divemaster to Instructor: The IDC Path | 42% | Learn & Courses | What is a Divemaster? 83% |
| What is a Divemaster? | 42% | Learn & Courses | Divemaster Responsibilities & Leadership 92% |
| Assist with scuba classes | 33% | Learn & Courses | Master Scuba Diver 75% |
| Divemaster Internship Opportunities | 33% | Learn & Courses | What is a Divemaster? 67% |
| How to become a PADI Professional | 33% | Learn & Courses | From Divemaster to Instructor: The IDC Path 67% |
| Professional Career Opportunities | 25% | Learn & Courses | From Divemaster to Instructor: The IDC Path 67% |
Conservation
Cohesion 62%| Card | Placed | Top theme | Strongest partner (co-occurrence) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marine Debris Initiative | 50% | Conservation | Conservation Courses 75% |
| Conservation Courses | 42% | Conservation | Marine Debris Initiative 75% |
| Conservation collection | 42% | Conservation | Shark collection 67% |
| Shark & Ray Protection | 42% | Conservation | Shark collection 83% |
| Shark collection | 42% | Conservation | Shark & Ray Protection 83% |
| Adopt The Blue | 33% | Conservation | Shark collection 67% |
| Find Conservation Activities | 25% | Conservation | Shark collection 67% |
About & Brand
Cohesion 60%| Card | Placed | Top theme | Strongest partner (co-occurrence) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Our History | 58% | About & Brand | Passion to Profession 75% |
| The PADI Difference | 58% | About & Brand | Our History 67% |
| Corporate Responsibility | 50% | About & Brand | The PADI Difference 67% |
| Passion to Profession | 42% | About & Brand | Our History 75% |
| PADI Dive Guides | 33% | About & Brand | Passion to Profession 58% |
Certification Card
Cohesion 56%| Card | Placed | Top theme | Strongest partner (co-occurrence) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Community Forum | 50% | About & Brand | PADI Adventures App 58% |
| Ocean Wonders certification cards | 50% | Certification Card | Diving Certification Cards 75% |
| PADI Membership benefits | 50% | About & Brand | PADI Club Member 83% |
| Physical cards | 50% | Certification Card | eCards 83% |
| Access Your Cub Benefits | 42% | About & Brand | PADI Membership benefits 83% |
| Diving Certification Cards | 42% | Certification Card | Ocean Wonders certification cards 75% |
| Diving Community Membership | 42% | About & Brand | Access Your Cub Benefits 75% |
| Gentle Giants of the Blue by Brooke Pyke eCard | 42% | Certification Card | eCards 75% |
| eCards | 42% | Certification Card | Physical cards 83% |
| PADI Club Member | 33% | Certification Card | PADI Membership benefits 83% |
| PADI Adventures App | 25% | About & Brand | eCards 58% |
Experiences
Cohesion 50%| Card | Placed | Top theme | Strongest partner (co-occurrence) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Freediving | 42% | Learn & Courses | Mermaid Program 67% |
| Gain confidence | 42% | Learn & Courses | Underwater Photography 50% |
| Mermaid Program | 42% | Learn & Courses | Freediving 67% |
07 The strongest card pairs
The card pairs the most people grouped together — the load-bearing relationships to keep intact in any navigation.
| Card pair | Grouped together |
|---|---|
| Emergency First Response + Peak Performance Buoyancy | 100% |
| Divemaster Prerequisites & Requirements + Divemaster Responsibilities & Leadership | 100% |
| Liveaboards + Travel Inspiration | 92% |
| Divemaster Responsibilities & Leadership + What is a Divemaster? | 92% |
| Divemaster Prerequisites & Requirements + What is a Divemaster? | 92% |
| Dive Resorts + Explore Guides by Region | 92% |
| Dive Resorts + Dive Sites Nearby | 92% |
| Shark & Ray Protection + Shark collection | 83% |
| Physical cards + eCards | 83% |
| Peak Performance Buoyancy + Rescue Diver | 83% |
The full top-10 strongest pairs
| Our Difference + Our Mission & History | 90% |
| Learn to Scuba Dive + Scuba Basics Guide | 87% |
| Discover Scuba Diving + Learn to Scuba Dive | 84% |
| Travel Destinations for Beginners + Travel Inspiration | 84% |
| Dive Shop Locator + Dive Sites Nearby | 77% |
| Dive Shop Locator + Find a Dive Shop | 77% |
| Freediving + Snorkeling | 77% |
| Dive Travel Guides + Explore Guides by Region | 74% |
| Explore Guides by Region + Travel Destinations for Beginners | 74% |
| Explore Guides by Region + Travel Inspiration | 74% |
| Dive Shop Locator + Find a Dive Shop | 95% |
| Freediving + Snorkeling | 84% |
| Calming effects of Diving + Common misconceptions about diving | 79% |
| Calming effects of Diving + Why Dive? | 79% |
| Common misconceptions about diving + Why Dive? | 79% |
| Dive Resorts + Travel Inspiration | 79% |
| Explore Guides by Region + Travel Planning Tips | 79% |
| Freediving + Mermaid | 79% |
| Join Diving Club + What is the Diving Club? | 79% |
| Learn to Scuba Dive + Scuba Basics Guide | 79% |
Percentages = share of valid participants who placed both cards in the same group. The two single strongest bonds — Our Difference + Our Mission & History (90% EN) and Learn to Scuba Dive + Scuba Basics Guide (87% EN) — anchor the About & Brand and Learn clusters respectively.
08 Ambiguous cards
The mirror image of the strongest pairs. These are the cards with the lowest average top-theme agreement across the English and Spanish studies — content participants scattered across many groups with no clear consensus on where it belongs. Each row reads how to interpret that ambiguity.
| Card | # categories it appeared in | Best placement | Strongest pair | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gain confidence | 5 | 42% into Learn & Courses | 50% with Underwater Photography | Abstract and homeless — the lowest top-partner tie in the study. People can’t agree what bucket an aspiration belongs in; consider expressing it through concrete content rather than as a nav item. |
| PADI Adventures App | 6 | 25% into About & Brand | 58% with eCards | A digital product that scatters between membership, brand and travel. Its strongest tie is to eCards — treat as part of the membership/digital layer rather than a standalone destination. |
| PADI Dive Guides | 6 | 33% into About & Brand | 58% with Passion to Profession | Reads as both a pro/brand asset and a travel aid. Clarify whether it is editorial guidance or a professional resource. |
| Community Forum | 4 | 50% into About & Brand | 58% with PADI Adventures App | Sits between brand and membership. Best paired with the Adventures app as part of the connected membership experience. |
| Find Conservation Activities | 6 | 25% into Conservation | 67% with Shark collection | Belongs to conservation but spread across six categories — an action-oriented label that some read as travel. Anchor it firmly within the ocean/conservation hub. |
| Professional Career Opportunities | 5 | 25% into Learn & Courses | 67% with From Divemaster to Instructor: The IDC Path | Drifts between training and the pro pathway. Its strongest tie is the IDC path — keep it inside the professional progression. |
| Adopt The Blue | 5 | 33% into Conservation | 67% with Shark collection | A conservation initiative that some filed under brand/CSR. Its strongest tie is the shark collection — keep it in the ocean/conservation group. |
"# categories" = how many distinct groups the card landed in (the wider the scatter, the more contested). "Best placement" = its single most-common theme and the share of participants who filed it there. "Strongest pair" = the highest co-occurrence the card has with any one other card — often the only firm relationship an otherwise-scattered card has. Ranked by the average of the English and Spanish best-placement scores, lowest first.
09 Data quality & exclusions
Before analysis, sorts carrying no usable signal were removed. Of 13 recruited participants, one was excluded, leaving 12 valid sorts.
- 1 — Non-thematic sort: participant 426e8186 placed all 53 cards into two piles labelled “D” and “E” (a 44/9 split) with no topical meaning.
| Tester ID | Submission | Status |
|---|---|---|
| d821f69d | 6 groups · EN | Valid |
| 406de1e5 | 3 groups · EN | Valid |
| 05c4ad1d | 6 groups · ES | Valid |
| 426e8186 | Non-thematic "D/E" sort (44/9 split) | Excluded |
| 69caa140 | 3 groups · ES | Valid |
| 4c93177a | 7 groups · ES | Valid |
| 07ffb3b0 | 7 groups · EN | Valid |
| 26d2d3ff | 4 groups · EN | Valid |
| fd902310 | 7 groups · EN | Valid |
| ab016b4c | 4 groups · ES | Valid |
| 526b7de7 | 6 groups · EN | Valid |
| 04834a36 | 3 groups · EN | Valid |
| 4b46251b | 4 groups · EN | Valid |
A small but clean base
The remaining 12 participants each sorted all 53 cards (636 placements, no incomplete sorts). Twelve is a modest base for an open card sort — the usual reliability guide is ~15+ — so the percentages here are best read as directional: a single participant moves any figure by about 8 points. The high cophenetic correlation (0.84) indicates the structure that emerges is internally consistent, and it should be confirmed once the full programme of studies is complete.10 What the data tells us & next steps
With 12 valid sorts, these are directional signals, not final answers — a clear, internally consistent read of how active divers think, to be confirmed and refined once the full programme is complete.
Active divers organise around their goals
The strongest signal is that experienced divers group content by where to dive next, how to advance, and how to give back Travel & Where to Dive is the single most cohesive group (73%), and Conservation is a strong, self-contained destination (62%) rather than peripheral content.
Skills and the pro pathway split into two adjacent groups
The 18-card advancement block divides cleanly into a 9-card certifications/skills group (Learn & Courses, 65% cohesion) and a 10-card Professional Pathway (Master Scuba Diver through the Divemaster→Instructor track, 65%). Cross-cohesion between the two is only 49%, so while closely related, “learning” and “going pro” read as distinct stages — present them as linked but separate sections.
A few cards have no clear home
“Gain confidence”, the PADI Adventures App, PADI Dive Guides and Community Forum scattered widely. These are labelling and placement decisions to resolve as the IA takes shape — not structural problems with the groups themselves.
Next: complete the PRO Diver study, then curate the IA across all three
This is the second of three planned audiences. The immediate next step is to run and analyse the PRO Diver card sort. With Potential, Active, and PRO studies in hand, the right move is to analyse all three together — comparing where the audiences agree and diverge — and curate a single information architecture that serves the full diver journey. Treating any one audience’s structure as final before that cross-study synthesis would lock in a partial view.
11 The raw sorts
Every one of the 12 valid participants’ groups, exactly as they created and labelled them. Spanish group names are translated to English; the language each participant sorted in is tagged.